Quantum Sensor–Based Navigation and Positioning Systems for Autonomous Marine Vessels

Abstract

Nowadays, the maritime industry, like other industries, is incorporating Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches in their applications. Since the rise of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) is on the horizon, such intelligent algorithms would replace conventional ship navigation with a higher level of autonomy. In other words, a digital navigator can be developed based on the data obtained from the human navigator's actions when controlling vessels. Autonomous marine vessels require highly accurate and reliable navigation and positioning systems, particularly in environments where conventional Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are unreliable or unavailable. Recent advances in quantum sensing offer new opportunities to enhance navigation accuracy through ultra-sensitive measurements of acceleration, rotation, and magnetic fields. This paper proposes a quantum sensor–based navigation and positioning framework for autonomous marine vessels that integrates quantum inertial sensors and quantum magnetometers to enable precise localization in GPS-denied and harsh marine environments. The proposed system leverages quantum-enhanced measurement stability to reduce drift errors and improve long-term positioning accuracy. System architecture, sensing principles, and data fusion strategies are discussed, highlighting the potential of quantum technologies to transform marine navigation. The study demonstrates that quantum sensor–based navigation systems can significantly enhance autonomy, safety, and operational reliability of future marine vessels.